TY - JOUR
T1 - Non-invasive optical spectroscopic monitoring of breast development during puberty
AU - Lilge, Lothar
AU - Terry, Mary Beth
AU - Walter, Jane
AU - Pinnaduwage, Dushanthi
AU - Glendon, Gord
AU - Hanna, Danielle
AU - Tammemagi, Mai Liis
AU - Bradbury, Angela
AU - Buys, Saundra
AU - Daly, Mary
AU - John, Esther M.
AU - Knight, Julia A.
AU - Andrulis, Irene L.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 The Author(s).
PY - 2017/2/6
Y1 - 2017/2/6
N2 - Background: Tanner staging (TS), a five-stage classification indicating no breast tissue (TS1) to full breast development (TS5), is used both in health research and clinical care to assess the onset of breast development (TS2) and duration in each stage. Currently, TS is measured both visually and through palpation but non-invasive methods will improve comparisons across settings. Methods: We used optical spectroscopy (OS) measures from 102 girls at the Ontario site of the LEGACY girls study (average age 12 years, range 10.0-15.4 years) to determine whether breast tissue optical properties map to each TS. We further examined whether these properties differed by age, body mass index (BMI), and breast cancer risk score (BCRS) by examining the major principal components (PC). Results: Age and BMI increased linearly with increasing TS. Eight PCs explained 99.9% of the variation in OS data. Unlike the linear increase with age and BMI, OS components had distinct patterns by TS: the onset of breast development (TS1 to TS2) was marked by elevation of PC3 scores indicating an increase in adipose tissue and decrease in signal from the pectoral muscle; transition to TS3 was marked by elevation of PC6 and PC7 and decline of PC2 scores indicating an increase in glandular or dense tissue; and transition to TS4+ by decline of PC2 scores representing a further increase in glandular tissue relative to adipose tissue. Of the eight PCs, three component scores (PC4, PC5, and PC8) remained in the best-fitting model of BCRS, suggesting different levels of collagen in the breast tissue by BCRS. Conclusions: Our results suggest that serial measures of OS, a non-invasive assessment of breast tissue characteristics, can be used as an objective outcome that does not rely on visual inspection or palpation, for studying drivers of breast development.
AB - Background: Tanner staging (TS), a five-stage classification indicating no breast tissue (TS1) to full breast development (TS5), is used both in health research and clinical care to assess the onset of breast development (TS2) and duration in each stage. Currently, TS is measured both visually and through palpation but non-invasive methods will improve comparisons across settings. Methods: We used optical spectroscopy (OS) measures from 102 girls at the Ontario site of the LEGACY girls study (average age 12 years, range 10.0-15.4 years) to determine whether breast tissue optical properties map to each TS. We further examined whether these properties differed by age, body mass index (BMI), and breast cancer risk score (BCRS) by examining the major principal components (PC). Results: Age and BMI increased linearly with increasing TS. Eight PCs explained 99.9% of the variation in OS data. Unlike the linear increase with age and BMI, OS components had distinct patterns by TS: the onset of breast development (TS1 to TS2) was marked by elevation of PC3 scores indicating an increase in adipose tissue and decrease in signal from the pectoral muscle; transition to TS3 was marked by elevation of PC6 and PC7 and decline of PC2 scores indicating an increase in glandular or dense tissue; and transition to TS4+ by decline of PC2 scores representing a further increase in glandular tissue relative to adipose tissue. Of the eight PCs, three component scores (PC4, PC5, and PC8) remained in the best-fitting model of BCRS, suggesting different levels of collagen in the breast tissue by BCRS. Conclusions: Our results suggest that serial measures of OS, a non-invasive assessment of breast tissue characteristics, can be used as an objective outcome that does not rely on visual inspection or palpation, for studying drivers of breast development.
KW - Adolescent
KW - Body Mass Index
KW - Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
KW - Breast/diagnostic imaging
KW - Child
KW - Female
KW - Humans
KW - Ontario/epidemiology
KW - Optical Imaging/methods
KW - Population Surveillance
KW - Puberty
KW - ROC Curve
KW - Sexual Maturation
KW - Spectrum Analysis/methods
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85011655342&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1186/s13058-017-0805-x
DO - 10.1186/s13058-017-0805-x
M3 - Article
C2 - 28166807
AN - SCOPUS:85011655342
SN - 1465-5411
VL - 19
SP - 12
JO - Breast Cancer Research
JF - Breast Cancer Research
IS - 1
M1 - 12
ER -