TY - JOUR
T1 - Increasing levels of hypoxia in prostate carcinoma correlate significantly with increasing clinical stage and patient age
T2 - An Eppendorf pO2 study
AU - Movsas, B.
AU - Chapman, J. D.
AU - Greenberg, R. E.
AU - Hanlon, A. L.
AU - Horwitz, E. M.
AU - Pinover, W. H.
AU - Stobbe, C.
AU - Hanks, G. E.
N1 - Copyright 2000 American Cancer Society.
PY - 2000/11/1
Y1 - 2000/11/1
N2 - BACKGROUND. The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent of hypoxia in prostate carcinoma tumors using the Eppendorf pO2 microelectrode and correlate this with pretreatment characteristics and prognostic factors. METHODS. Custom-made Eppendorf pO2 microelectrodes were used to obtain pO2 measurements from the pathologically involved region of the prostate (as determined by the pretreatment sextant biopsies) as well as from a region of normal muscle for comparison. Each set of measurements comprised approximately 100 separate readings of pO2, for a total of 10,804 individual measurements. Fifty-five patients with localized prostate carcinoma were studied: Forty-one patients received brachytherapy implants, and 14 patients underwent radical prostatectomy. The pO2 measurements were obtained in the operating room by using a sterile technique under spinal anesthesia for the brachytherapy group and under general anesthesia for the surgery group. The Eppendorf histograms were recorded and described by the median pO2, mean pO2, and percentage < 5 mm Hg and < 10 mm Hg. A multivariate mixed-effects analysis for the prediction of tumor oxygenation was performed and included the following covariates: type of tissue (prostate vs. muscle), type of treatment (implant vs. surgery) and/or anesthesia (spinal vs. general), prostate specific antigen level, disease stage, patient age and race, tumor grade, tumor volume, perineural invasion, and hormonal therapy. RESULTS. Due to differences in patient characteristics and the anesthesia employed, control measurements were obtained from normal muscle (in all but two patients). This internal comparison showed that the oxygen measurements from the pathologically involved portion of the prostate were significantly lower (average median pO2, 9.9 mm Hg) compared with the measurements normal muscle (average median pO2, 28.6 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). A multivariate, linear, mixed analysis demonstrated that, among all of the patients, the significant predictors of oxygenation were tissue (prostate vs. muscle) and anesthesia (spinal vs. general) or treatment (implant vs. surgery). Among the brachytherapy (spinal anesthesia) patients, the significant predictors of pO2 were tissue type, disease stage, and patient age. There were no significant predictors of oxygenation in the surgical (general anesthesia) group. CONCLUSIONS. This study, employing in vivo electrode oxygen measurements, demonstrated that hypoxia exists in prostate carcinoma tumors. A dramatic effect of anesthesia was observed, likely due to modulation of polarography in the presence of fluorine. Within the group of brachytherapy (spinal anesthesia) patients, increasing levels of hypoxia (within prostatic tissue) correlated significantly with increasing clinical stage and patient age. More patients will be accrued to this prospective study to further correlate the oxygenation status in prostate carcinoma tumors with known prognostic factors and, ultimately, treatment outcome. (C) 2000 American Cancer Society.
AB - BACKGROUND. The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent of hypoxia in prostate carcinoma tumors using the Eppendorf pO2 microelectrode and correlate this with pretreatment characteristics and prognostic factors. METHODS. Custom-made Eppendorf pO2 microelectrodes were used to obtain pO2 measurements from the pathologically involved region of the prostate (as determined by the pretreatment sextant biopsies) as well as from a region of normal muscle for comparison. Each set of measurements comprised approximately 100 separate readings of pO2, for a total of 10,804 individual measurements. Fifty-five patients with localized prostate carcinoma were studied: Forty-one patients received brachytherapy implants, and 14 patients underwent radical prostatectomy. The pO2 measurements were obtained in the operating room by using a sterile technique under spinal anesthesia for the brachytherapy group and under general anesthesia for the surgery group. The Eppendorf histograms were recorded and described by the median pO2, mean pO2, and percentage < 5 mm Hg and < 10 mm Hg. A multivariate mixed-effects analysis for the prediction of tumor oxygenation was performed and included the following covariates: type of tissue (prostate vs. muscle), type of treatment (implant vs. surgery) and/or anesthesia (spinal vs. general), prostate specific antigen level, disease stage, patient age and race, tumor grade, tumor volume, perineural invasion, and hormonal therapy. RESULTS. Due to differences in patient characteristics and the anesthesia employed, control measurements were obtained from normal muscle (in all but two patients). This internal comparison showed that the oxygen measurements from the pathologically involved portion of the prostate were significantly lower (average median pO2, 9.9 mm Hg) compared with the measurements normal muscle (average median pO2, 28.6 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). A multivariate, linear, mixed analysis demonstrated that, among all of the patients, the significant predictors of oxygenation were tissue (prostate vs. muscle) and anesthesia (spinal vs. general) or treatment (implant vs. surgery). Among the brachytherapy (spinal anesthesia) patients, the significant predictors of pO2 were tissue type, disease stage, and patient age. There were no significant predictors of oxygenation in the surgical (general anesthesia) group. CONCLUSIONS. This study, employing in vivo electrode oxygen measurements, demonstrated that hypoxia exists in prostate carcinoma tumors. A dramatic effect of anesthesia was observed, likely due to modulation of polarography in the presence of fluorine. Within the group of brachytherapy (spinal anesthesia) patients, increasing levels of hypoxia (within prostatic tissue) correlated significantly with increasing clinical stage and patient age. More patients will be accrued to this prospective study to further correlate the oxygenation status in prostate carcinoma tumors with known prognostic factors and, ultimately, treatment outcome. (C) 2000 American Cancer Society.
KW - Age Factors
KW - Aged
KW - Cell Hypoxia
KW - Humans
KW - Male
KW - Microelectrodes
KW - Middle Aged
KW - Multivariate Analysis
KW - Neoplasm Staging
KW - Oxygen Consumption
KW - Prognosis
KW - Prospective Studies
KW - Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0034331255&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=purepublist2023&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:000090085800019&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS
U2 - 10.1002/1097-0142(20001101)89:9<2018::AID-CNCR19>3.3.CO;2-P
DO - 10.1002/1097-0142(20001101)89:9<2018::AID-CNCR19>3.3.CO;2-P
M3 - Article
C2 - 11064360
SN - 0008-543X
VL - 89
SP - 2018
EP - 2024
JO - Cancer
JF - Cancer
IS - 9
ER -